Supplementary Table 1. Age of probands with autism.
Age (years) |
N |
3-6 |
10 |
7-10 |
8 |
11-14 |
5 |
15-18 |
4 |
19+ |
3 |
Total |
30 |
Supplementary Table 2. IQ of the thirteen of thirty probands with autism who were able to complete testing.
Verbal IQ |
Nonverbal IQ |
Full-Scale IQ |
|
Standard Score |
N |
N |
N |
>115 |
3 |
5 |
2 |
100-115 |
3 |
4 |
6 |
85-99 |
6 |
3 |
4 |
70-84 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
55-69 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
<55 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Total |
13 |
13 |
13 |
The Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) was administered. Seventeen participants were too young (<6 years of age) or not testable due to inability to comprehend testing demands and/or inability to cooperate during testing. Four of the 13 subjects with valid IQ data were not able to complete eye movement testing.
Supplementary Table 3. Adaptive functioning of probands with autism.
Communication Skills |
Daily Living Skills |
Socialization Skills |
Motor Skills |
Adaptive Behavior Composite |
|
Standard Score |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
>115 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
100-115 |
3 |
1 |
0 |
5 |
1 |
85-99 |
3 |
5 |
1 |
6 |
2 |
70-84 |
6 |
4 |
3 |
6 |
4 |
55-69 |
3 |
8 |
13 |
2 |
8 |
<55 |
9 |
6 |
7 |
2 |
9 |
Total |
24 |
24 |
24 |
21 |
24 |
The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales Interview Form (VABS) was administered to parents of all probands . Six interviews could not be completed due to scheduling issues. Three additional interviews did not assess motor skills because probands were too old for a valid assessment of this domain.
Supplementary Table 4. Visually guided saccade performance of family members and controls.
Family Members (N=57) |
Controls (N=40) |
|||
Target displacement |
Gap |
Overlap |
Gap |
Overlap |
Latency in ms ( sd ) |
||||
Leftward 30 deg |
195.96 (48.34) |
304.69 (56.99) |
195.69 (46.98) |
311.78 (67.86) |
Leftward 20 deg |
170.97 (44.44) |
271.77 (53.18) |
169.50 (43.02) |
280.47 (53.98) |
Leftward 10 deg |
166.06 (38.83) |
243.33 (53.97) |
173.21 (37.12) |
239.67 (52.46) |
Rightward 10 deg |
164.55 (32.74) |
246.72 (53.69) |
174.22 (34.66) |
248.45 (50.08) |
Rightward 20 deg |
179.23 (43.15) |
264.29 (47.04) |
188.65 (54.84) |
275.56 (51.07) |
Rightward 30 deg |
222.02 (46.33) |
344.52 (59.73) |
219.85 (56.19) |
347.68 (55.18) |
Saccade error in deg ( sd ) |
||||
Leftward 30 deg |
2.77 (1.94) |
1.78 (.87) |
2.18 (1.04) |
1.97 (1.29) |
Leftward 20 deg |
1.87 (.86) |
1.54 (.62) |
1.77 (1.05) |
1.28 (.75) |
Leftward 10 deg |
1.13 (.47) |
.93 (.41) |
.99 (.65) |
.94 (.50) |
Rightward 10 deg |
1.03 (.50) |
1.01 (.42) |
1.02 (.69) |
1.07 (.61) |
Rightward 20 deg |
1.92 (.91) |
1.57 (.74) |
1.50 (.97) |
1.41 (.70) |
Rightward 30 deg |
2.80 (1.34) |
2.45 (1.17) |
1.90 (.90) |
1.73 (.62) |
Saccade error variability ( sd ) |
||||
Leftward 30 deg |
1.59 (1.45) |
1.22 (.90) |
1.53 (.75) |
1.77 (1.86) |
Leftward 20 deg |
1.23 (.74) |
1.12 (.54) |
1.13 (.80) |
1.10 (.89) |
Leftward 10 deg |
.83 (.48) |
.66 (.39) |
.73 (.49) |
.79 (.51) |
Rightward 10 deg |
.77 (.53) |
.86 (.48) |
.85 (.52) |
.84 (.58) |
Rightward 20 deg |
1.26 (.77) |
1.04 (.64) |
1.13 (.74) |
1.10 (.74) |
Rightward 30 deg |
1.94 (1.53) |
1.66 (1.38) |
1.45 (.99) |
1.15 (.52) |
Supplementary Table 5. Foveofugal ramp task performance of family members and controls.
Family Members (N=56) |
Controls (N=36) |
|||
Target velocity |
Leftward |
Rightward |
Leftward |
Rightward |
Pursuit latency in ms ( sd ) |
||||
4 deg/sec |
230.18 (49.40) |
224.86 (38.74) |
235.25 (33.63) |
210.99 (44.25) |
8 deg/sec |
192.96 (34.56) |
194.68 (31.24) |
181.71 (40.25) |
194.56 (40.29) |
16 deg/sec |
182.25 (29.17) |
178.26 (26.72) |
179.90 (33.92) |
187.31 (31.15) |
24 deg/sec |
170.45 (38.77) |
162.16 (22.11) |
185.11 (46.00) |
162.72 (28.30) |
32 deg/sec |
182.01 (25.30) |
168.42 (32.48) |
179.50 (29.68) |
166.54 (30.57) |
Sustained pursuit gain ( sd ) |
||||
4 deg/sec |
.87 (.10) |
.91 (.08) |
.90 (.07) |
.91 (.07) |
8 deg/sec |
.82 (.12) |
.85 (.08) |
.87 (.08) |
.86 (.09) |
16 deg/sec |
.66 (.14) |
.71 (.13) |
.75 (.08) |
.77 (.11) |
24 deg/sec |
.53 (.15) |
.54 (.12) |
.59 (.13) |
.58 (.14) |
32 deg/sec |
.33 (.11) |
.40 (.13) |
.43 (.10) |
.47 (.13) |
Pursuit gain computed as the ratio of eye velocity to target velocity during smooth pursuit.
Supplementary Table 6. Foveofugal step-ramp task performance of family members and controls.
Family Members (N=54) |
Controls (N=34) |
|||
Target velocity |
Leftward |
Rightward |
Leftward |
Rightward |
Initial Saccade latency in ms ( sd ) 2 |
||||
4 deg/sec |
220.34 (49.17) |
222.18 (49.15) |
218.40 (42.97) |
224.02 (49.76) |
8 deg/sec |
224.10 (43.21) |
219.79 (46.06) |
218.86 (42.00) |
220.46 (42.92) |
16 deg/sec |
221.55 (40.98) |
215.49 (45.36) |
220.59 (38.53) |
222.01 (38.43) |
24 deg/sec |
220.85 (39.80) |
214.68 (40.01) |
215.81 (44.36) |
223.82 (43.96) |
Saccade gain * ( sd ) 2 |
||||
4 deg/sec |
.86 (.15) |
.89 (.17) |
.86 (.14) |
.83 (.18) |
8 deg/sec |
.86 (.18) |
.86 (.18) |
.83 (.14) |
.83 (.23) |
16 deg/sec |
.80 (.14) |
.76 (.16) |
.78 (.11) |
.74 (.16) |
24 deg/sec |
.77 (.16) |
.73 (.18) |
.75 (.18) |
.74 (.19) |
Open-loop pursuit gain ( sd ) 2 |
||||
4 deg/sec |
1.10 (.42) |
1.02 (.48) |
1.04 (.41) |
1.31 (.36) |
8 deg/sec |
.81 (.41) |
.75 (.35) |
.84 (.32) |
.86 (.34) |
16 deg/sec |
.63 (.25) |
.61 (.24) |
.61 (.23) |
.68 (.22) |
24 deg/sec |
.50 (.20) |
.46 (.20) |
.50 (.21) |
.59 (.18) |
Saccade gain computed as proportion of distance saccade moved toward target location in degrees of visual angle from center relative to distance from center of target location
Supplementary Table 7. Procedural learning performance of family members and controls on predictive saccade paradigm.
Family Members (N=54) |
Healthy Controls (N=37) |
|||
Trial number |
Leftward |
Rightward |
Leftward |
Rightward |
Saccade gain |
||||
1 |
.99 (.11) |
.98 (.09) |
.95 (.09) |
.94 (.18) |
2 |
.94 (.18) |
.98 (.13) |
.96 (.11) |
.99 (.12) |
3 |
.93 (.20) |
.97 (.13) |
.96 (.16) |
.93 (.20) |
4 |
.88 (.24) |
.87 (.18) |
.88 (.21) |
.99 (.16) |
5 |
.88 (.23) |
.93 (.18) |
.91 (.19) |
.89 (.20) |
6 |
.91 (.17) |
.91 (.16) |
.84 (.23) |
.89 (.16) |
7 |
.88 (.19) |
.94 (.15) |
.87 (.21) |
.80 (.17) |
8 |
.92 (.18) |
.93 (.14) |
.89 (.13) |
.88 (.18) |
9 |
.84 (.23) |
.90 (.22) |
.92 (.15) |
.88 (.19) |
10 |
.91 (.19) |
.89 (.22) |
.87 (.23) |
.95 (.13) |
11 |
.86 (.21) |
.95 (.22) |
.94 (.15) |
.92 (.14) |
12 |
.87 (.24) |
.89 (.22) |
.84 (.24) |
.96 (.15) |
13 |
.87 (.17) |
.93 (.24) |
.88 (.18) |
.90 (.16) |
14 |
.91 (.23) |
.90 (.21) |
.88 (.23) |
.94 (.18) |
15 |
.90 (.21) |
.91 (.24) |
.83 (.20) |
.83 (.22) |
16 |
.91 (.20) |
.94 (.19) |
.90 (.21) |
.92 (.14) |
17 |
.90 (.17) |
.91 (.17) |
.86 (.18) |
.78 (.23) |
18 |
.91 (.19) |
.87 (.26) |
.82 (.23) |
.83 (.21) |
19 |
.91 (.20) |
.91 (.25) |
.85 (.21) |
.86 (.20) |
20 |
.89 (.20) |
.90 (.21) |
.85 (.23) |
.90 (.19) |
Saccade latency |
||||
1 |
205.04 (63.63) |
254.59 (58.97) |
236.56 (60.47) |
281.91 (77.65) |
2 |
134.75 (107.15) |
171.98 (91.40) |
160.86 (74.06) |
199.87 (65.60) |
3 |
98.13 (146.77) |
132.76 (128.47) |
128.95 (102.18) |
146.79 (103.87) |
4 |
57.28 (152.60) |
23.92 (155.58) |
82.71 (124.20) |
115.82 (105.08) |
5 |
45.81 (145.35) |
85.84 (127.85) |
77.79 (122.86) |
78.86 (128.29) |
6 |
37.65 (127.50) |
24.14 (144.04) |
54.51 (137.34) |
17.80 (130.59) |
7 |
-10.35 (144.02) |
55.69 (160.30) |
67.19 (120.04) |
26.58 (150.08) |
8 |
44.02 (160.14) |
29.89 (144.95) |
49.10 (128.64) |
26.71 (140.17) |
9 |
21.06 (141.84) |
54.82 (153.49) |
47.79 (120.96) |
31.51 (146.30) |
10 |
38.12 (137.94) |
9.98 (153.79) |
10.78 (146.34) |
4.79 (125.78) |
11 |
33.34 (149.45) |
30.16 (134.80) |
17.80 (151.64) |
-3.45 (130.93) |
12 |
1.22 (158.66) |
17.19 (154.65) |
21.39 (129.91) |
16.33 (130.13) |
13 |
18.03 (140.43) |
16.85 (152.80) |
-22.32 (126.98) |
-34.16 (144.14) |
14 |
-15.92 (156.25) |
-7.55 (158.53) |
2.42 (137.76) |
-18.50 (171.75) |
15 |
1.58 (142.06) |
-7.85 (143.39) |
-9.96 (135.26) |
-11.86 (142.54) |
16 |
13.55 (156.51) |
15.43 (164.40) |
-4.99 (142.31) |
-7.86 (159.35) |
17 |
52.57 (140.55) |
62.69 (137.88) |
27.40 (135.88) |
-1.89 (112.13) |
18 |
.23 (110.290) |
-7.67 (140.68) |
16.48 (136.57) |
-34.54 (127.66) |
19 |
12.58 (141.56) |
-5.72 (150.74) |
-30.64 (167.96) |
-51.47 (138.14) |
20 |
24.79 (166.27) |
-7.11 (154.47) |
5.76 (161.18) |
-24.76 (133.04) |
Supplementary Table 8. Antisaccade performance of family members and controls.
Family Members (N=57) |
Controls (N=40) |
|||
Target displacement |
Gap |
Overlap |
Gap |
Overlap |
Latency in ms ( sd ) |
||||
Leftward 30 deg |
368.75 (54.42) |
448.49 (58.61) |
348.55 (58.99) |
437.59 (68.03) |
Leftward 20 deg |
321.04 (53.93) |
395.20 (62.57) |
314.56 (61.28) |
392.84 (50.40) |
Leftward 10 deg |
305.24 (61.50) |
401.86 (66.81) |
293.57 (55.49) |
400.43 (71.86) |
Rightward 10 deg |
297.77 (68.33) |
393.29 (72.26) |
283.54 (52.16) |
385.34 (66.57) |
Rightward 20 deg |
320.31 (62.69) |
430.37 (69.77) |
302.88 (58.14) |
419.99 (57.80) |
Rightward 30 deg |
342.48 (53.28) |
447.51 (65.19) |
322.93 (52.79) |
423.59 (71.18) |
Percentage of trials with prosaccade error ( sd ) |
||||
Leftward 30 deg |
25 (27) |
10 (15) |
18 (21) |
7 (13) |
Leftward 20 deg |
26 (24) |
15 (22) |
14 (14) |
14 (16) |
Leftward 10 deg |
34 (25) |
30 (23) |
20 (21) |
26 (22) |
Rightward 10 deg |
26 (26) |
21 (22) |
18 (17) |
13 (17) |
Rightward 20 deg |
22 (25) |
20 (22) |
13 (11) |
19 (19) |
Rightward 30 deg |
15 (22) |
9 (15) |
7 (10) |
15 (15) |